Page 70
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
707½ xqUgsxkjhps mnkÙkhdj.k%& fo'ks"kr% /kkfeZd naxyhr lgHkkxh gks.kkjs ] ?kMowu vk.k.kkjs ;kaps lektkr
dkSrqd dsys tkrs - ckcjh efTtn i kMyh rsOgk ^rh ek÷;kp f'kolSfudkauh ikMyh* vls ckGklkgsc
Bkdjs ;kauh xokZus lkaxwu f'kolSfudkaph ikB FkksiVyh - /kekaZ/kkus xzLr >kys Y;k tekroknh xqaMkuh
tj brj /kekZrY;k uOgs rj osG çlax Lo/kekZrY;k yksdkaoj tjh vR;kpkj dsys rjh vkiY;k
tekrhP;k j{k.kklkBhp dsyss vls Eg.kwu R;k xqaMkauk ikBh'kh ?kkrys tkrs - naxyhP;k dkGkr v'kk
dkjok;kauk År ;srks - FkksMD;kr /kkfeZd dkj.kko:u gks.kk Ú;k xqUgsxkjhps mnkÙkhdj.k dsys tkrs
R;krwup tekroknkyk çksRlkgu feGrs -
8½ çkFkZuk LFkGs%& fganw&eqLyhe tekroknkps Hkkouhd dkj.k Eg.kts R;kaph çkFkZuk LFkGs - fganw
yksdkauh eqfLye çkFkZuk LFkGkaoj ] Lekjdkoj lkrR;kus la’k; fuekZ.k dsyk vkgs - dk’kh] eFkqjk] vk;ks/;k bR;knh fBdk.khph eqfLyekaph efLtn o /kkfeZd LFkGs gh eafnjs ikMwu fuekZ.k dsyh vkgsr] rktegy gk rstksegy vkgs v'kk çdkjP;k xSjletwrh il jowu o /kkfeZd Hkkouk psrowu
/kkfeZd naxyh ?kMowu vk.kY;k tkrkr - efLtn ojhy Hkksaxs dktkr vkgs- eqfLye jLR;koj uekt iMrkr Eg.kwu fganwuhgh jLR;kojp egkvkjrh dj.ks bR;knh
çdkjkeqGs yksdkaP;k /kkfeZd Hkkouk HkMdfoY;k tkrkr - R;kaP;k jktdh; lÙkslkBh Qk;nk d:u
?ksryk tkrks - 1992 e/;s jFk;k=k dkvkyh- vkf.k 1999 e/;s Hkkjrh; turk i{kkus dsaækr lÙkk çkIr dsyh - vkf.k vVy fcgkjh
oktis;h gs iarç/kku >kys - tekroknh jktd kj.kkps gs mÙke mnkgj.k vkgs - l/;kP;k ljdkjus
fodklkP;k eqí~;koj fuoM.kwd ftadyh vls EgVys tkr vlys rjh jke eafnj mHkkjys tkbZy
;kp vk’kkus fganqRooknh la?kVukauh chtsih pk çpkj dsyk gksrk -
9½ fganw&jk”Vª%& ikfdLrkuP;k fufeZrhuarj Hkkjr gk fganw jk"Vªp v lwu fganqRo ] fganw laL—rh ;kaph
tksikluk dj.kkjs fganwapsp ljdkj lÙksoj vlkos v'kh ekaM.kh fganqRooknh la?kVuk djhr vkgsr -
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVuk fganqRokpk iqjLdkj dj.kkjh vlkoh v'kh vis{kk dsyh tkr vkgs - ^^fganq
jk"VªkP;k** ladYiusP;k vk/kkjkoj lÙkk feG fo.;klkBh fganq r#.kkauk o ernkjkauk la?kfVr dj.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk tkr vkgs -
v'kkçdkjs tekroknkph fofo/k dkj.ks vlwu tekroknh usrs o dk;ZdrsZ jktdh; lÙkk gLrxr dj.;klkBh
lkrR;kus uouO;k dkj.kkapk 'kks/k ?ksr vlrkr -
tekroknkps ifj.kke%&
okLrfod ^^tekrokn** gh ladYiuk fof'k"V /kekZph /kekaZ/krk okf'kdo.kkjh ladYiuk vlY;kus frps ve;kZn nks"k vkgsr - tekroknkps dkgh çeq[k ifj.kke iqlkaxrk ;srhy -
1½ tekr oknkeqGs /kekaZ/krsr ok< gksÅu lektkr dk;e Lo:ikr r.kkoxzLrrk fuek Z.k gksrs-
2½ tekr oknkeqGs lkekftd ,dkRersyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks -
3½ tekr oknkeqGs jk"Vªh; ,drk o v[kaMrk /kksD;kr ;sÅ 'kdrs -
4½ /kekaZ/krk gk tekroknkpk egÙokpk xkHkk vlY;kus /kkfeZd naxyhauk çksRlkgu feGrs o 'kkarrk ]
dk;nk o lqO;oLFkk /kksD;kr ;srs- munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
715½ tekroknkeqGs HkkjrkP;k /keZfujis{krsyk Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukyk /kksdk fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs -
6½ tekr oknkeqGs yksd'kkgh jktdh; O;oLFkk o jktdh; fopkjç.kkyh ojhy yksdkapk fo'okl deh
gks.;kpk /kksdk vkgs -
7½ tekroknkeqGs yksdkaP;k fodklkP;k eqí~;kdMs o O ;kogkfjd leL;kadMs nqyZ{k dsys tkrs - mnk-
;qodkaph csjkstxkjh ] f'k{k.k ik;kHkwr lqfo/kk b - ckchauk /kekaZ/krsps iq8½ lfg".kqrk Hkkjrh; lektkps egÙokps oSf'k"Vîk vkgs - vkEgh vkeph ers ] Hkkouk ;kaP;kbrdsp
nqlÚ;kph ers o Hkkouk ;kauk egÙo nsrks R;keqGs lektkr 'kkarrk o ijLij lgdk;Z lyks[kk
jk[kyk tkrks - tekr oknkeqGs R;kyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks -
v'kkçdkjs tekroknkps Hkkjrh; lektkoj nh?kZdkG nq"ifj.kke gksÅ 'kdrkr -
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVuk vkf.k tekrokn
Hkkjrkyk tekroknh jktdkj.kkeqGs eksBs uqdlku lgu djkos ykxys vkgss /kekZa/krk ] /kkfeZd la?k"kZ ;keqGs
Hkkjrkph QkG.kh >kyh vkgs - ;k /kDD;krwu Hkkjr lkojr vlrkuk /kekZpk jktdkj.kklkBh okij d:u
jk"Vªh; ,dkRersyk /kksdk fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs - ;kps çeq[k dkj.k Eg.kts HkkjrkP;k jkT;?kVusph ;ksX ;
izdkjs vaeyctko.kh u gks.ks gsp vkgs -
Hkkjrkph jkT;?kVuk gh HkkjrkP;k çR;sd ukxfjdkyk Lokra«; ] lerk] ca/kqHkko vkf.k U;k;kph geh nsrs -
Hkkjrkr fofo/k tkrh ] tekrh] /keZ] :dks.krkp /keZ jk"Vªh; fodk lkP;k vkM ;s.kkj ukgh ] ;kph n{krk ?kVukdkjkauh ?ksryh vkgs - R;klkBhp
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus /keZfujis{krsps rÙo Lohdkjys vkgs - R;kizek.ks&
1½ Hkkjrkpk dks.krkgh vf/k —r /keZ vl.kkj ukgh -
2½ vYila[;kad /keZ vlks vlks fdaok cgqla[;kdkapk /keZ vlks loZ /keZ leku ekuus o loZ /kekaZuk
leku okx.kwd ns.ks -
3½ cgqla[;kad /kkfeZd opZLo oknkiklwu vYila[;kadkaps laj{k.k dj.;klkBh vYila[;kadkauk fo'ks"k laj{k.k ns.ks - FkksMD;kr Hkkjrh; jkT; ?kVusus loZ Hkkjrh; ukxfjdkauk Lokra«;kpk gDd fnyk vkgs R;kuqlkj çR;sd Hkkjrh; ukxfjdkyk dk;|kP;k pkSdVhr jkgwu vkiY;k /kekZps ikyu dj.;kpk ] vkiY;k /kekZpk çpkj
o çlkj dj.;kpk vf/kdkj fnysyk vkg - s FkksMD;kr jkT;?kVusus /keZ gh O;fäxr ckc ekaMyh vlwu
lkoZtfud thoukr O;ähus /keZfujis{krsP;k rÙokps ikyu djkos v'kh ?kVukdkjkauh vis{ kk dsyh vkgs - ijarq vyhdMhy dkGkr /keZfujis{krsP;k rÙokdMs nqyZ{k d:u /kkfeZdrsyk vf/kd egÙo fnys tkr vkgs- vyhdMsp ^fganqRo* gk /keZ ulwu thoui)rh vkgs vlk fudky fnY;kus dkgh ç'u fuekZ.k >kys
vkgsr- mnk- fganqRo thoui)rh vlsy rj bLyke ] f[kz’pu gh lq)k tho ui)rh vkgs - R;keqGsp /kekZP;k
vk/kkjkus jktdkj.kkr ers ekx.;kph lks; fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs - R;kpk /kekZP;k vk/kkjkoj jktdkj.k
i{kkuh xSjQk;nk ?ks.;kl lq#okr dsyh vkgs - /keZ] tkr ;k vk/kkjkoj jktdkj.k djrk ;s.kkj ukgh vls
?kVusps ca/ku vlrkukgh vkt m?kMi.ks /ke kZpk jktdkj.kklkBh okij dsyk tkr vkgs - gs ?kVukfojks/kh
vkgs- FkksMD;kr tekrokn ex rks fganq vlks dh eqfLye cgqla[;kdkapk vlkss rks ?kVuk fojks/khp vkgs - munotes.in
Page 72
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
72Hkkjrkr lerk ] ca/kqHkko] 'kkarrk] lqO;oLFkk] lkekftd] /kkfeZd lyks[kk ] ,sD; fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh /keZfujis{krk gs rRo vR;ar egÙokps vkgs - ijarq LokFkhZ tekroknh jktdkj.kkus ;k /keZfujis{krsP;k
rRokcjkscjp Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusykghs vkOgku fnys vkgs -
tekroknh ço`Ùkh deh dj.;klkBh%&
1½ Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVus e/khy /keZfujis{k ewY;kaph tksikluk dj.;klkBh ç;Ru dj.ks -
2½ /kkfeZd lyks[kk fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh o ijer lfg".kqrk o`Ùkh okek/;ekauh egÙokph Hkwfedk ctko.ks vko';d vkgs -
3½ 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk ] vH;kldze bR;knhaP;k ek/;ekrwu fo|kF;kZaoj ^loZ/keZleHkko* ;k laca/kkaps laLdkj
dj.ks- ;k –"Vhus vYila[;kadkaP;k 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkae/khy 'kS{kf.kd miØe o vH;klØe R;koj
fu;a=.k Bso.ks vko';d vkgs - brdsp uOgs rj cgqla[;kapk tekrokn jks[k.;klkBh R;kauh pkyfoysY;k 'kS{kf.kd miØekoj e;kZnk ?kky.ks vko';d vkgs - 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkae/kwu ?kVukRed
ewY;kaoj Hkj ns. ks vko';d vkgs -
4½ O;DrhP;k tM.k?kM.khph lq#okr dqVqackiklwu gksrs - tekroknkps ifj.kke vkt brj dqVqackoj
gksr vkgsr - Hkfo";dkGkr vkiys dqVqacgh tekroknkps cGh iMw 'kdrs ] ;kph tk.kho Bsowu vkbZ&ofMykauh vkiY;k eqykaoj /keZfujis{krsps o loZ/keZleHkkokps laL dkj dj.ks vko';d vkgs - 5½ csjkstxkj ;qqod tekroknkP;k izpkjkyk cGh iMrkr - Eg.kwu csjkstxkj ] nzkfjnz ;klkj[;k leL;k
lksMfo.;koj Hkj ns.ks vko’;d vkgs -
6½ Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus tkr ] /keZ ;k vk/kkjkoj fuoM.kwdk y;ksX; vaeyctko.kh vko’;d vkgs - tkr /kekZP;k vk/kkjkoj dsoG fuoM.kwd yR;k vk/kkjkoj ers ekx.kk Ú;k mesnokjkph mesnokjhgh jn~n dj.;klkBh dk;Zokgh dj.ks vko’;d
vkgs-
7½ ljdkjusgh fof'k"V /kekZPkk vuqu; u djrk loZ /keZkuk lekursph okx.kwd ns.;kps /kksj.k
Lohdkjys ikfgts - ;kp –"Vhus loZ/kehZ; yksdka'kh ppkZ d:u ^^ leku ukxjh dk;|kph** vaeyctko.kh gks.ks vko';d vkgs -
v'kk vusd mik;;kstuk dj.ks 'kD; vkgs vkgs - R;klkBh 'kklu&lekt ] jktdh; i{k ] la?kVuk ;kauh
lkeatL; o lgdk;kZus dke dj.ks vko';d vkgs -
lkjka'k%&
/kekZyk vfrjsdh egÙo ns.kkjh ] /kekZa/krk iljfo.kkjh o brj /kekZP;k }s"kkoj vk/kkjysyh ] O;ähph vkf.k
lewgkph ekufld voLFkk Eg.kts ^tekrokn* gks; - ;kp tekroknkP;k vfrjsdh i.kkeqGs Hkkjrkph QkG.kh
>kyh vkgs - fo'ks"k Eg.kts ;krwu dks.krkgh /kMk u ?ksrk jktdh; lÙkk gLrxr dj.;klkBh /kekZpk okij
dsyk tkr vkgs - R;klkBh r#.kkae/;s /kekaZ/krk iljowu naxyh ?kMowu vk.k.;kpk ç;Ru gksr vkgs - R;kpk
jk"Vªh; ,dkRersyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksr vkgs - v'kh gh tekroknh ladYiuk jkT;?kVukfojks/kh vkgs -
munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
73vkiyh çxrh riklk%&
1½ tekroknkpk vFkZ o O;k[;k Li"V djk -
2½ fganw tekrokn o eqfLye tekr okn ;k ladYiuk Li"V d:u ;k tekroknakpk fodkl dlk
>kyk rs fygk -
3½ Hkkjrkrhy tekroknkph dkj.ks dks.krh \
4½ lektoknkps ifj.kke Li"V djk -
5½ ^tekrokn vkf.k Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVuk*;koj Hkk"; djk -
3-3 fyaxHkko ¼jktdh; lgHkkxkP;k lanHkkZr½
mfí"Vs%&
Hkkjrkus jkT;?kVusP;k ek/;ekrwu lalnh; yksd'kkghpk Lohdkj dsyk - lalnh; yksd'kkghr yksdkapk lgHkkx vR;ar egÙokpk vlrks - dkj.k lalnh; yksd'kkghr vafre lÙkk tursP;k gkrkr vlrs - Hkkjrh;
jkT; ?kVusus çR;sd L=h&iq#"k ukxfjdkyk loZ çdkjps gDd lekursus fnys vkgs - vls vlys rjh
Hkkjrkr vktgh fL=;kapk jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkx vkgs - ;k–"Vhus fL=;kaP;k vYi lgHkkxkph dkj.ks dks.krh\ fL=;kapk jktdh; lgHkkx oklgHkkx okmís'k vkgsr -
çLrkouk%&
txkrhy cgqla[;kad ns'kkaçek.ks Hkkjrkrgh iq#"k ç/kku laL —rh vkgs- lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkf.k jktdh;
{ks=krgh iq#"kkaps opZLo vkgss Hkkjrkr L=hyk nsoh vkf.k lkeFkZ~;kps çrhd ekuys tkr vlys rjh O;ogkjkr :vkgs- euqLe`rh ;k xzaFkkae/;s fL=;kauk ijkoyach o iq#"kkaP;k ethZoj voyacwu jkg.;kpk lYyk fnyk
vkgs- fL=yk dks .kR;kgh çdkjps ukgh vls Li"V 'kCnkr lkafxrys vkgs - /keZxzaFk vkf.k lkekftd ] /kkfeZd
pkfyjhrhauh L=h;kauk ijk/khu cufoys vkgs - R;keqGs fL=;kauk f'k{k.kklg fodklkP;k loZ {ks=kiklwu tk.khoiwoZd oafpr Bsoys vkgs -
Lokra=iwoZ dkGkr o Lokra«;mÙkj dkGkr vusd lekt lq/kkjdkauh fL=;kauk f'k{k.k ns.;kpk ] fL=;kaoj
gks.kkjs vR;kpkj Fkkacfo.;kpk ] :egkRek T;ksfrjko Qqys lkfo=hckbZ Qqys ] /kksaMks ds'ko dosZ ] jktkjke eksgu jk; ] M‚DVj ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] xksikG x.k s'k vkxjdj ] egkRek xka/kh b - lektlq/kkjdkapk lekos'k gksrks - R;kauh lrh i)rh ]
ckyfookg ] fL=;kaps ds'koiu ] fo/kok iqufoZokgkyk fojks/k bR;knh fL=;kauk xqyke cufo.kk Ú;k o R;kaP;k
vekuq"k NG dj.kk Ú;k :la/kh feGowu ns.;kpk ç;Ru dsyk - ;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kts fL=;k f'k{k.k ?ksÅu Lokoyach gksÅ ykxY;k -
lkoZtfud {ks=kr lektkps çfrfuf/kRo d: ykxY;k - munotes.in
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भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
74HkkjrkP;k Lokra«;y<îkkr lgHkkx ?ksÅu fL=;kauh vki.k iq#"kkais{kk deh ukgh gs fl ) dsys ijarq ns'k
lsok vkf.k lkoZtfud {ks=kr fL=;k dk;Z{kersus dk;Z d: 'kdrkr gsgh fl) dsys - Lokra«;kP;k pGoGhr
mPpoxhZ; fL=;kacjkscjp e/;eoxkZrhy fL=;kauhgh lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk - ;kr vWuh cs>aV ] voafrdkckbZ
xks[kys] ljksftuh uk;Mw ] deyk nsoh pVksik/;k; ] dWIVu y{eh lgxy ] dYiuk nÙk] v#.kk vlQ vyh ]
m"kk esgrk b - vusd efgyk Lokra«;lsukuhapk lekos'k gksrks -
Lokra«;kP;k pGoGh cjkscjp lkekftd lq/kkj.ksP;k pGoGhrgh R;kauh lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk - vFkkZrp
;kph lq#okr lkfo=hckbZ Qqys ;kaP;kiklwu gksrs - M‚DVj ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k usr`Ro k[kkyh pkyysY;k
lq/kkj.ksP;k pGoGhr L=h;kauh lgHkkx ?ksryk gksrk - ;kr lhrkckbZ xk;dokM ] 'kkarkckbZ nkuh ] jekckbZ
tk/ko ;kapk mYys[k djrk ;sbZy -
Lokra«;k cjkscjp lkekftd pGoGhr fL=;kapk lgHkkx mYys[kuh; vkgsp ijarq Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkiklwup
fL=;kauh la?kfVri. ks dk;Z dj.;klkBh dkgh la?kVuk LFkkiu dsY;k gksR;k - mnk- ;kr efgyk lferh -
foesUl Dyc ] foesUl bafM;u vlksfl,'ku b - la?kVukapk mYys[k djkok ykxsy - v'kkçdkjs Lokra«;iwoZ
dkGkrhy efgykapk lkoZtfud {ks=kr ços'k >kyk gksrk ijarq lÙkk Li/ksZP;k jktdkj.kkr fL=;kap k lgHkkx
vktgh visf{kr çek.kkr ukgh - vktgh jktdkj.k gs iq#"kkaps {ks= vkgs vls ekuys tkr vkgs -
efgykapk jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkx%&
fczVu gh yksd'kkghph tuuh ekuys tkrs - Hkkjrkoj ;kp fczfV’kkaps 150 o"ksZ jkT; gksrs - ijarq rjhgh
yksd'kkghoknh fczVh’kkapk Hkkjrkrhy fL=;kauk ernkukpk gDd ns.;kl fojks/k gksrk - fczVh’kdkyhu Hkkjrkr
fuoM.kqdk e;kZfnr Lo:ikr gksR;k - T;kr /kkfeZd ] lkeqnkf;d vkf.k O;kolkf;d ckchauk vk/kkjHkwr letwu ofxZdj.k dsysY;k tkxkaoj mesnokj mHks dsys tkr vlr - R;klkBh fuoMd yksdkauk ernku
dj.;kph ijokuxh vlss - Hkkjrkrhy efgykauk ernkukpk feG.;klkBh la?kfVr yeqacbZ vkf.k eækl ¼vkrkph eqacbZ vkf.k psUubZ ½;k çkarkrhy efgykauk çFke ernkukpk vf/kdkj feGkyk -
R;kuarj 1923 rs 1930 ;k njE;ku lkr çkarkae/;s efgykauk ernkukpk vf/kdkj ns.;kr vkyk -
1935P;k dk;n;kus ;k vf/kdkjkpk foLrkj dj.;kr vkyk - 1937P;k çkafrd fuoM.kqdkae/;s fofo/k
çkarkrwu 56 efgyk fuoMY;k xsY;k rj dsaæh; dk;ns eaMGkr 30 efgykaph fuoM >kyh -
Lokra«;ksRRkj dkGkrhy jktdkj.kkr efgykapk lgHkkx%&
Lokra«;ksRRkj dkGkr Hkkjr h; jkT;?kVusP;k dye 14 uqlkj HkkjrkP;k çR;sd ukxfjdkyk lerspk
vf/kdkj fnyk vkgs - R;kuqlkj tkr ] /keZ] oa'k] Hkk"kk] çns'k] fyax bR;knh dkj.kko:u O;äh O;äh
HksnHkko djrk ;s.kkj ukgh v'kh Li"V rjrwn dsyh vkgs - R;keqGs çR;sd L=h&iq#"k ukxfjdkauk loZ
vf/kdkj le kursusp fnys vkgsr - Eg.kwup jktdh; {ks=krgh fL=;kauk R;kP;k fyaxHksnkP;k vk/kkjkoj
mesnokjh fdaok ernkukpk vf/kdkj ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh - vFkkZr Hkkjrh; jkT; ?kVusus efgykauk leku
vf/kdkj fnyk vlyk rjh iq#"kç/kku laL —rh vkf.k iq#"klÙkkd O;oLFkk ;keqGs jktdkj.kk r efgykapk
visf{kr lgHkkx ok1959 e/;s cyoarjk; esgrk ;kaP;k f'kQkj'kho:u yksd'kkghP;k fodsanzhdj.kklkBh ^iapk;r jkt* O;oLFkk
ykxw dj.;kr vkyh - ftYgk ifj"kn ] iapk;r lferh vkf.k xzkeiapk;r ;k rhugh Lrjkoj izR;{k fuoM.kwdk
?ks.;kl lq#okr >kyh - egkjk"Vªkr 1961 iklwu ^^iapk;r jkt** veykr vkys - vkf.k fL=;kaP;k munotes.in
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
75jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkxkyk pkyuk feGkyh - ijarq lq#okrhP;k dkGkr jktdh; okjlk vlysY;k dqVqackrhy
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laLFkkaP;k fuoM.kqdhr 30VDds efgyk LFkkfud lÙksr lgHkkxh >kY;k -
uarj v'kkp çdkjpk fu.kZ; dsaæh; ikrGhoj 1992 e/;s ?ks.;kr vkyk - Hkkjrh; lalnsus 22 fMlsacj
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Page 76
भारतीय राजकीय व यवस्ा
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jktdh; lgHkkxklkBh n;kok ykx.kkjk osG ;keqGs efgyk ‘kD;rks lfdz; jk tdkj.kkr lgHkkx
?ksr ukghr -
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अध्यया्य 3 सयामयावजक गवतिीलतया
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अध्यया्य 3 रयाष्ट्ी्य सुरक्ेपुढील आवहयाने
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